See art in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "art"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "yarth"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "yart"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "eart"
},
"expansion": "Old English eart",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*art"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *art",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English eart, second person singular of wesan (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *art,\nsecond person singular of *iraną.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "eart",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ert",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "art",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 10 14 15 9 4 8 14 2 17",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Sciences",
"orig": "enm:Sciences",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "been"
}
],
"glosses": [
"second-person singular present indicative of been"
],
"id": "en-art-enm-verb-enm:2p_singular_of__to_be_",
"links": [
[
"been",
"been#Middle_English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:2p singular of \"to be\""
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/art/"
}
],
"word": "art"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "art"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "airt"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "(area of) knowledge"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "art"
},
"expansion": "Old French art",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "artem"
},
"expansion": "Latin artem",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂r̥tís"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥tís",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old French art, from Latin artem, accusative form of ars, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥tís.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "artes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ars",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "aart",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "arte",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "art",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "artes",
"pl2": "ars"
},
"expansion": "art (plural artes or ars)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Knowledge about a field or subject (either academic or trade):",
"A member of the seven medieval liberal arts (the trivium and quadrivium)."
],
"id": "en-art-enm-noun-kWoFxMBC",
"links": [
[
"field",
"field"
],
[
"subject",
"subject"
],
[
"medieval",
"medieval"
],
[
"liberal arts",
"liberal arts"
],
[
"trivium",
"trivium#English"
],
[
"quadrivium",
"quadrivium#English"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Knowledge about a field or subject (either academic or trade):",
"The seven medieval liberal arts collectively."
],
"id": "en-art-enm-noun-ioE~D58x",
"links": [
[
"field",
"field"
],
[
"subject",
"subject"
],
[
"liberal arts",
"liberal arts"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 7 13 20 6 6 6 18 5 10",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Administrative divisions",
"orig": "enm:Administrative divisions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 14 15 9 4 8 14 2 17",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Sciences",
"orig": "enm:Sciences",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Competence or skill in a particular task."
],
"id": "en-art-enm-noun-Aalx3u~7",
"links": [
[
"Competence",
"competence"
],
[
"skill",
"skill"
],
[
"task",
"task"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 9 8 28 8 5 9 9 1 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 7 13 20 6 6 6 18 5 10",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Administrative divisions",
"orig": "enm:Administrative divisions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 16 0 30 5 4 11 0 0 17",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Art",
"orig": "enm:Art",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 19 25 37 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Education",
"orig": "enm:Education",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 14 15 9 4 8 14 2 17",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Sciences",
"orig": "enm:Sciences",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"General knowledge, skill, or competence."
],
"id": "en-art-enm-noun-7I4JpRNn",
"links": [
[
"knowledge",
"knowledge"
],
[
"skill",
"skill"
],
[
"competence",
"competence"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Deception; misleading behaviour or an instance of it."
],
"id": "en-art-enm-noun-l5RIpHAV",
"links": [
[
"Deception",
"deception"
],
[
"misleading",
"misleading"
],
[
"behaviour",
"behaviour"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A code of conduct; a set of behavioural guidelines."
],
"id": "en-art-enm-noun-QBGgWUn7",
"links": [
[
"code of conduct",
"code of conduct"
],
[
"behavioural",
"behavioural"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Human behaviour (as opposed to natural occurrences)."
],
"id": "en-art-enm-noun-qQyyimiP",
"links": [
[
"behaviour",
"behaviour"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) Human behaviour (as opposed to natural occurrences)."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/art/"
},
{
"ipa": "/aːrt/",
"tags": [
"Northern"
]
}
],
"word": "art"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "airt"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "airth"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "ert"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "art"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "airt"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "airth"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "ert"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "airt"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "airt"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "airth"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "ert"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "airth"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "district, locality"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "mga",
"3": "aird",
"nocap": "1",
"t": "compass point"
},
"expansion": "borrowed from Middle Irish aird (“compass point”)",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "sga",
"3": "aird"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish aird",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "quarter",
"t": "locality, neighbourhood"
},
"expansion": "English quarter (“locality, neighbourhood”)",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably borrowed from Middle Irish aird (“compass point”), from Old Irish aird; perhaps influenced semantically by erd (“district”), though the sense-development is paralleled by modern English quarter (“locality, neighbourhood”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "art",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Northern Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "9 7 13 20 6 6 6 18 5 10",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Administrative divisions",
"orig": "enm:Administrative divisions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 14 15 9 4 8 14 2 17",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Sciences",
"orig": "enm:Sciences",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"district, locality"
],
"id": "en-art-enm-noun-AmxtHkdp",
"links": [
[
"district",
"district"
],
[
"locality",
"locality"
],
[
"MED Online",
"w:Middle English Dictionary"
],
[
"University of Michigan",
"w:University of Michigan"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Northern) district, locality"
],
"tags": [
"Northern"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Early Scots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"compass point"
],
"id": "en-art-enm-noun-~koKPvtK",
"links": [
[
"compass",
"compass"
],
[
"point",
"point"
],
[
"The Dictionary of the Scots Language",
"w:Dictionary of the Scots Language"
],
[
"Scottish Language Dictionaries",
"w:Scottish Language Dictionaries"
]
],
"qualifier": "Early Scots",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Early Scots) compass point"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/aːrt/"
},
{
"ipa": "/art/"
}
],
"word": "art"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English non-lemma forms",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Middle Irish",
"Middle English terms derived from Middle Irish",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Old Irish",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English verb forms",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Administrative divisions",
"enm:Art",
"enm:Education",
"enm:Sciences"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "art"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "yarth"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "yart"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "eart"
},
"expansion": "Old English eart",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*art"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *art",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English eart, second person singular of wesan (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *art,\nsecond person singular of *iraną.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "eart",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ert",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "art",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English second-person singular forms"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "been"
}
],
"glosses": [
"second-person singular present indicative of been"
],
"links": [
[
"been",
"been#Middle_English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:2p singular of \"to be\""
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/art/"
}
],
"word": "art"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Middle Irish",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Old French",
"Middle English terms derived from Latin",
"Middle English terms derived from Middle Irish",
"Middle English terms derived from Old French",
"Middle English terms derived from Old Irish",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Administrative divisions",
"enm:Art",
"enm:Education",
"enm:Sciences"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "art"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "airt"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "(area of) knowledge"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "art"
},
"expansion": "Old French art",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "artem"
},
"expansion": "Latin artem",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂r̥tís"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥tís",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old French art, from Latin artem, accusative form of ars, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥tís.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "artes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ars",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "aart",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "arte",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "art",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "artes",
"pl2": "ars"
},
"expansion": "art (plural artes or ars)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Knowledge about a field or subject (either academic or trade):",
"A member of the seven medieval liberal arts (the trivium and quadrivium)."
],
"links": [
[
"field",
"field"
],
[
"subject",
"subject"
],
[
"medieval",
"medieval"
],
[
"liberal arts",
"liberal arts"
],
[
"trivium",
"trivium#English"
],
[
"quadrivium",
"quadrivium#English"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Knowledge about a field or subject (either academic or trade):",
"The seven medieval liberal arts collectively."
],
"links": [
[
"field",
"field"
],
[
"subject",
"subject"
],
[
"liberal arts",
"liberal arts"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Competence or skill in a particular task."
],
"links": [
[
"Competence",
"competence"
],
[
"skill",
"skill"
],
[
"task",
"task"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"General knowledge, skill, or competence."
],
"links": [
[
"knowledge",
"knowledge"
],
[
"skill",
"skill"
],
[
"competence",
"competence"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Deception; misleading behaviour or an instance of it."
],
"links": [
[
"Deception",
"deception"
],
[
"misleading",
"misleading"
],
[
"behaviour",
"behaviour"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A code of conduct; a set of behavioural guidelines."
],
"links": [
[
"code of conduct",
"code of conduct"
],
[
"behavioural",
"behavioural"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Human behaviour (as opposed to natural occurrences)."
],
"links": [
[
"behaviour",
"behaviour"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) Human behaviour (as opposed to natural occurrences)."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/art/"
},
{
"ipa": "/aːrt/",
"tags": [
"Northern"
]
}
],
"word": "art"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Middle Irish",
"Middle English terms derived from Middle Irish",
"Middle English terms derived from Old Irish",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Administrative divisions",
"enm:Art",
"enm:Education",
"enm:Sciences"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "airt"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "airth"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "ert"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "art"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "airt"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "airth"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "ert"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "airt"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "airt"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "airth"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "ert"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "airth"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "district, locality"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "mga",
"3": "aird",
"nocap": "1",
"t": "compass point"
},
"expansion": "borrowed from Middle Irish aird (“compass point”)",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "sga",
"3": "aird"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish aird",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "quarter",
"t": "locality, neighbourhood"
},
"expansion": "English quarter (“locality, neighbourhood”)",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably borrowed from Middle Irish aird (“compass point”), from Old Irish aird; perhaps influenced semantically by erd (“district”), though the sense-development is paralleled by modern English quarter (“locality, neighbourhood”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "art",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Northern Middle English"
],
"glosses": [
"district, locality"
],
"links": [
[
"district",
"district"
],
[
"locality",
"locality"
],
[
"MED Online",
"w:Middle English Dictionary"
],
[
"University of Michigan",
"w:University of Michigan"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Northern) district, locality"
],
"tags": [
"Northern"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Early Scots"
],
"glosses": [
"compass point"
],
"links": [
[
"compass",
"compass"
],
[
"point",
"point"
],
[
"The Dictionary of the Scots Language",
"w:Dictionary of the Scots Language"
],
[
"Scottish Language Dictionaries",
"w:Scottish Language Dictionaries"
]
],
"qualifier": "Early Scots",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Early Scots) compass point"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/aːrt/"
},
{
"ipa": "/art/"
}
],
"word": "art"
}
Download raw JSONL data for art meaning in Middle English (7.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-31 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-20 using wiktextract (e97c820 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.